Acta Scientific Nutritional Health (ASNH)(ISSN: 2582-1423)

Review Article Volume 5 Issue 9

Chemistry and Covid-19: A Review on the Central Role of Chemistry in the Understanding, Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Covid-19

Thilageshwary Gobalan1, Chimi Denka1, EA Vindya Hemali Edirimanna1, Shaznine Ramiz1, A Christine Thevarmirtha1, Jeslin Jeba Soundari Mahimairaja2, MSA Muthukumar Nadar2, Ahmedul Kabir1 and P Mosae Selvakumar1*

1AUW Chemistry Hub, Science and Math Program, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh
2Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding Author: P Mosae Selvakumar, AUW Chemistry Hub, Science and Math Program, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

Received: May 26, 2021; Published: August 06, 2021

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the newly discovered Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization declared the disease a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, and on 11 March 2020, it was declared as a pandemic. Research and development have been critical in combating the global disease crisis caused by COVID-19 where Chemistry plays an important part in everything from virus composition to pathogenesis, vaccine and treatment, and the creation of materials and procedures used by fundamental laboratories, virologists, and clinicians. Fundamental studies into the molecules that control viral formation and activity will speed up the development of treatments and vaccines for infectious diseases. Most fundamental chemistry-based scientific organizations and pharmaceutical companies are collaborating to gather more knowledge about SARS-CoV-2, develop better analytical methods, and design vaccines to alleviate the situation as soon as possible. To date, there are several COVID-19 vaccines available, all of them designed using the knowledge of chemical behavior of viruses and many screening techniques are developed based on their molecular nature. Hence, this review is an approach to clarify the nature, chemical aspects of viruses, virus protection using the Chemistry shield, and potential research possibilities, the effectiveness of siddha formulations, and food and nutrition from the perspective of chemical behavior.

Keywords:COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; Chemistry; Prevention; Diagnosis; Medicine; Pandemic; Vaccines; Antiviral Drugs; Siddha Medicine; Oxygen; Food and Nutrition

References

  1. Jahangir Mohammed Asadullah., et al. "Coronavirus (COVID-19): history, current knowledge and pipeline medications”. International Journal of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology1 (2020).
  2. Heymann David L. "The international response to the outbreak of SARS in 2003”. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences1447 (2004): 1127-1129.
  3. Shereen Muhammad Adnan., et al. "COVID-19 infection: Origin, transmission, and characteristics of human coronaviruses”. Journal of Advanced Research 24 (2020): 91-98.
  4. Novel, Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology. "The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China”. Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi= Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi2 (2020): 145.
  5. "COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU)". ArcGIS. Johns Hopkins University (2021).
  6. Bulut Cemal and Yasuyuki Kato. "Epidemiology of COVID-19”. Turkish Journal of Medical SciencesSI-1 (2020): 563-570.
  7. Mailles A., et al. "First cases of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infections in France, investigations and implications for the prevention of human-to-human transmission, France, May 2013”. Eurosurveillance24 (2013): 20502.
  8. Cui Jie., et al. "Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses”. Nature Reviews Microbiology3 (2019): 181-192.
  9. Ge Xing-Yi., et al. "Detection of alpha-and betacoronaviruses in rodents from Yunnan, China”. Virology Journal1 (2017): 1-11.
  10. Tyrrell D A J and S H Myint. "Chapter 60: Coronaviruses”. Medical Microbiology (1996).
  11. Naqvi Ahmad Abu Turab., et al. "Insights into SARS-CoV-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis and therapies: Structural genomics approach”. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular Basis of Disease (2020): 165878.
  12. Wang Mei-Yue., et al. "SARS-CoV-2: structure, biology, and structure-based therapeutics development”. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 10 (2020).
  13. Wang Qihui., et al. "Structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2 entry by using human ACE2”. Cell4 (2020): 894-904.
  14. Murgolo Nicholas., et al. "SARS-CoV-2 tropism, entry, replication, and propagation: Considerations for drug discovery and development”. PLoS Pathogens2 (2021): e1009225.
  15. Harrison Andrew G., et al. "Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Pathogenesis”. Trends in Immunology (2020).
  16. Taka Elhan., et al. "Critical Interactions Between the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein and the Human ACE2 Receptor”. bioRxiv (2020).
  17. Pradhan Deepak., et al. "A review of current interventions for COVID-19 prevention”. Archives of Medical Research5 (2020): 363-374.
  18. Behzadinasab Saeed., et al. "A surface coating that rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2”. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces31 (2020): 34723-34727.
  19. World Health Organization. “Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance”. 5 June 2020. No. WHO/2019-nCoV/IPC_Masks/2020.4. World Health Organization (2020).
  20. Kumaran Surjith., et al. "Photopolymerizable, Universal Antimicrobial Coating to Produce High-Performing, Multifunctional Face Masks”. Nano Letters (2021).
  21. Celik H Kursat., et al. "Design and Additive Manufacturing of Medical Face Shield for Healthcare Workers Battling Coronavirus (COVID-19)”. International Journal of Bioprinting4 (2020).
  22. Zhou Jialiang., et al. "Progress and perspective of antiviral protective material”. Advanced Fiber Materials (2020): 1-17.
  23. Caliendo A M. “Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Diagnosis” (2020).
  24. https://www.icmr.gov.in/pdf/covid/kits/archive/List_of_rapid_antigen_kits_17022021.pdf
  25. https://www.icmr.gov.in/pdf/covid/kits/archive/Antibody_based_tests_15122020.pdf
  26. https://www.abingdonhealth.com/services/what-is-lateral-flow-immunoassay/
  27. Seo Giwan., et al. "Rapid detection of COVID-19 causative virus (SARS-CoV-2) in human nasopharyngeal swab specimens using field-effect transistor-based biosensor”. ACS Nano4 (2020): 5135-5142.
  28. Yadav Shalu., et al. "SERS based lateral flow immunoassay for point-of-care detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples”. ACS Applied Bio Materials4 (2021): 2974-2995.
  29. Derakhshan Mohammad Ali., et al. "State-of-the-Art of Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapeutics against SARS-CoV-2”. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces13 (2021): 14816-14843.
  30. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200406190509.htm
  31. https://main.ayush.gov.in/about-the-systems/siddha/chemistry-siddha
  32. Tamimi Nihad AM and Peter Ellis. "Drug development: from concept to marketing!”. Nephron Clinical Practice3 (2009): c125-c131.
  33. Cattani Michele. "Global coalition to accelerate COVID-19 clinical research in resource-limited settings”. Lancet10233 (2020): P1322-P1325.
  34. Tu Yung-Fang., et al. "A review of SARS-CoV-2 and the ongoing clinical trials”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences7 (2020): 2657.
  35. Mohs Richard C and Nigel H Greig. "Drug discovery and development: Role of basic biological research”. Alzheimer's and Dementia: Translational Research and Clinical Interventions4 (2017): 651-657.
  36. Paul, Steven M., et al. "How to improve R&D productivity: the pharmaceutical industry's grand challenge”. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery3 (2010): 203-214.
  37. US Food and Drug Administration (2020).
  38. Times of India, India approves emergency use of remdesivir to treat Covid-19 patients (2020).
  39. Scavone Cristina., et al. "Current pharmacological treatments for COVID‐19: what's next?”. British Journal of Pharmacology21 (2020): 4813-4824.
  40. Ferner Robin E and Jeffrey K Aronson. "Remdesivir in covid-19”. (2020).
  41. Bloomberg News Wire. Russian Health Ministry Approves Anti-Coronavirus Drug Avifavir (2020).
  42. Shrestha Aarajana and Tara Man Kadayat. "Drug Discovery and Development Strategies for COVID-19”. Europasian Journal of Medical Sciences2 (2020): 1-5.
  43. India Today. “Easy to produce, easier to consume: DRDO's 2-DG drug for treatment of Covid patients”. FAQs (2021).
  44. Business Today. “All you need to know about DRDO's new anti-COVID-19 drug 2-DG” (2021).
  45. Pajak B., et al. "2-Deoxy-d-glucose and its analogs: from diagnostic to therapeutic agents”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences1 (2020): 234.
  46. Balkrishna Acharya., et al. "Glucose antimetabolite 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose and its derivative as promising candidates for tackling COVID-19: Insights derived from in silico docking and molecular simulations”. Authorea Preprints (2020).
  47. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1119086/coronavirus-drug-trials-by-type-worldwide/
  48. Thas J Joseph. "Siddha medicine—background and principles and the application for skin diseases”. Clinics in Dermatology1 (2008): 62-78.
  49. Murgesa Muthaliar Gundapadam-Thathu Jeevam Vaguppu (siddha Materia Medica) (1996).
  50. Master Murugan Chillayah. "Siddha Therapy, Natural Remedies and Self-Treatment". Varma Kalai (2012).
  51. Wilson Eugene., et al. "Herbs used in siddha medicine for arthritis–a review” (2007).
  52. https://www.pharmabiz.com/ArticleDetails.aspx?aid=82133&sid=1
  53. https://nischennai.org/nis-covid19.html
  54. Sabarianandh J V., et al. "COVID-19 in Siddha Medicine: A Review”. (2020).
  55. Chitra SM., et al. "An Open Clinical Evaluation Of Selected Siddha Regimen In Expediting The Management Of Covid-19–A Randomized Controlled Study”. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (2021).
  56. Rao M Vishnu Vardhana., et al. "Emerging trends from COVID-19 research registered in the Clinical Trials Registry-India”. Indian Journal of Medical Research1 (2021): 26.
  57. https://www.nutritionalchemistry.net/what-is-nutritional-chemistry
  58. Aman Faseeha and Sadia Masood. "How Nutrition can help to fight against COVID-19 Pandemic”. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 36 (2020): S121.
  59. Zildzic Muharem., et al. "The Importance of Nutrition in Boosting Immunity for Prevention and Treatment COVID-19”. International Journal on Biomedicine and Healthcare 2 (2020): 73-79.
  60. Zabetakis Ioannis., et al. "COVID-19: the inflammation link and the role of nutrition in potential mitigation”. Nutrients5 (2020): 1466.
  61. Wu Jun. "Tackle the free radicals damage in COVID-19”. Nitric Oxide 102 (2021): 39-41.
  62. Mrityunjaya M., et al. "Immune-boosting, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory food supplements targeting pathogenesis of COVID-19”. Frontiers in Immunology 11 (2020).
  63. Alpert Patricia T. "The role of vitamins and minerals on the immune system”. Home Health Care Management and Practice3 (2017): 199-202.
  64. Couzin-Frankel Jennifer. "The mystery of the pandemic's ‘happy hypoxia’”. (2020): 455-456.
  65. Mohammad H. “How medical oxygen vital for COVID-19 patients, produced?” (2021).
  66. https://www.who.int/news/item/25-02-2021-covid-19-oxygen-emergency-impacting-more-than-half-a-million-people-in-low--and-middle-income-countries-every-day-as-demand-surges
  67. https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/may/19/india-reported-524-oxygen-related-deaths-duringsecond-wave-of-covid-open-data-tracker-2304596.html
  68. https://www.madehow.com/Volume-4/Oxygen.html#:~:text=The%20most%20common%20commercial%20method,by%20separating%20them%20from%20air.&text=This%20method%20is%20called%20electrolysis%20and%20produces%20very%20pure%20hydrogen%20and%20oxygen
  69. https://www.immune.org.nz/vaccines/vaccine-development/vaccine-components
  70. https://www.who.int/news-room/feature-stories/detail/the-race-for-a-covid-19-vaccine-explained#:~:text=A%20live%2Dattenuated%20vaccine%20uses,of%20this%20type%20of%20vaccine
  71. https://www.eiu.com/n/85-poor-countries-will-not-have-access-to-coronavirus-vaccines/
  72. Lambert Helen., et al. "COVID-19 as a global challenge: towards an inclusive and sustainable future”. The Lancet Planetary Health8 (2020): e312-e314.
  73. Seshaiyer Padmanabhan and Connie L McNeely. "Challenges and Opportunities From COVID‐19 for Global Sustainable Development”. World Medical and Health Policy4 (2020): 443-453.
  74. Douglas K. “COVID-19 conspiracy theories”. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations 24.2 (2021): 270-275.
  75. Mandavilli A. “The Price for Not Wearing Masks: Perhaps 130,000 Lives”. The New York Times (2021).
  76. Andersen KG., et al. “The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2”. Nature Medicine 26 (2021): 450-452.
  77. Khalid Z., et al. “Debunking Myths about COVID-19, Paranoiac Misconceptions, Recent Developments and its Current Stance”. Pakistan Journal of Zoology6 (2020).
  78. Baig M., et al. “Predictors of misconceptions, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of COVID-19 pandemic among a sample of Saudi population and its impact: a cross-sectional study”. medRxiv (2020).
  79. Kakemam E., et al. “Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Among the General Population During COVID-19 Outbreak in Iran: A National Cross-Sectional Online Survey”. Frontiers in Public Health 8 (2020).
  80. Aminu JA. “The Implications of Misconceptions about Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic in Relation to its Daily Increases from Nigerian Perspective”. Journal of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology 6 (2020): 156.
  81. Al Jazeera. “Thousands in Sri Lanka drink ‘miracle’ COVID potion, minister ill” (2020).
  82. BBC News. “Coronavirus: Outcry after Trump suggests injecting disinfectant as treatment” (2020).

Citation

Citation: P Mosae Selvakumar., et al. “Chemistry and Covid-19: A Review on the Central Role of Chemistry in the Understanding, Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Covid-19".Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 5.9 (2021): 11-29.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 P Mosae Selvakumar., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.




Metrics

Acceptance rate30%
Acceptance to publication20-30 days
Impact Factor1.316

Indexed In





News and Events


  • Certification for Review
    Acta Scientific certifies the Editors/reviewers for their review done towards the assigned articles of the respective journals.
  • Submission Timeline for Upcoming Issue
    The last date for submission of articles for regular Issues is May 20, 2024.
  • Publication Certificate
    Authors will be issued a "Publication Certificate" as a mark of appreciation for publishing their work.
  • Best Article of the Issue
    The Editors will elect one Best Article after each issue release. The authors of this article will be provided with a certificate of "Best Article of the Issue"
  • Welcoming Article Submission
    Acta Scientific delightfully welcomes active researchers for submission of articles towards the upcoming issue of respective journals.

Contact US