Abstract

Recent studies have demonstrated the multifactorial characteristics of the development of metabolic disorders that have shown the necessity for new research in the area, with the objective of unravelling the factors that could possibly influence critical stages of human development, altering a patient’s metabolic programming. This study aims to identify the main elements that endorse the biological incorporation of these events on an intrauterine environment or on the first years of life, assessing the potential epigenetic, endocrinological and metabolic mechanisms responsible for this process. The goal of this analysis is to state which main factors allow broader studies to develop specific intervention models for the prevention of metabolic disorders, particularly obesity. This systematic review was based on the PRISMA-E 2012(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) and registered on PROSPERO (Nº CRD42020197344). The research and selection of the articles occurred in June-July 2020 and used the United States National Library of Medicine PubMed – Medline and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases, and clinical trials that focused on the analysis of influencing factors on metabolic programming were collected. In this study, we discuss how these elements are capable of influencing critical periods of human development and its potential consequences for the affected individuals, with the objective of identifying possible targets for future interventions. Sixty-two articles were identified and included in this systematic review. Among the selected articles, twelve were directly related to epigenetics, fourteen were related to obesity, sixteen were nutrition related and twelve were focused on diabetes. The data revised showed that stress, excessive weight and maternal malnutrition are potential fetal metabolism modifiers that result in disorders that can predispose to child obesity. It was also demonstrated that gestational diabetes and dyslipidemia are conditions that can influence the fetus’ levels of adiposity and that epigenetics can directly alter fetal programming, resulting in significant metabolic alterations, including the predisposition to weight disorders in the child. In conclusion, epigenesis presented itself as an important way for biological incorporation of the heritability of metabolic diseases, through the methylation and deacetylation pathways, becoming an important factor in future studies focusing on possible interventions for the prevention of these disorders.

Keywords: Metabolic Programming; Biological Incorporation; Risk Factors; Metabolic Disorders; Mother-Child Overweight

References

1. dos Santos Gabriela Martins and Carlos Alberto Figueiredo da Silva. "Obesidade infantil e seus impactos psicológicos e sociais”. Intercontinental Journal on Physical Education 3 (2020): 0-1.
2. Lobato Jackeline Christiane Pinto., et al. "Programação fetal e alterações metabólicas em escolares: metodologia de um estudo caso-controle”. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia19 (2016): 52-62.
3. Camargos Ana Cristina Resende., et al. "Prevalência de sobrepeso e de obesidade no primeiro ano de vida nas Estratégias Saúde da Família”. Cadernos Saúde Coletiva1 (2019): 32-38.
4. Nogueira-de-Almeida Carlos Alberto., et al. "Classificação da obesidade infantil”. Medicina (Ribeirao Preto Online)2 (2018): 138-152.
5. de Gusmao Correia M L., et al. "Developmental origins of health and disease: experimental and human evidence of fetal programming for metabolic syndrome”. Journal of Human Hypertension7 (2012): 405-419.
6. WANG G., et al. "Fatores de preconceito e pré-natal e risco metabólico”. In: Halfon N., Forrest C., Lerner R., Faustman E. (eds) Handbook of Life Course Health Development. Springer, Cham (2018): 47-59.
7. Lopomo Angela E Burgio and Lucia Migliore. "Epigenetics of obesity”. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science Academic Press 140 (2016): 151-184.
8. Lima Rafael Silva. "Avaliação e associação dos parâmetros metabólicos, inflamatórios e epigenéticos na obesidade infantil” (2019).
9. Welch Vivian., et al. "Extending the PRISMA statement to equity-focused systematic reviews (PRISMA-E 2012): explanation and elaboration”. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology70 (2016): 68-89.
10. Arianas Evanthia A., et al. "Maternal weight status and responsiveness to preterm infant behavioral cues during feeding”. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth1 (2017): 113.
11. Altmäe Signe., et al. "Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity is associated with altered placental transcriptome”. PloS One1 (2017): e0169223.
12. Bouret Sebastien G. "Development of hypothalamic circuits that control food intake and energy balance”. Appetite and Food Intake: Central Control (2017): 135-154.
13. Casey Brian M., et al. "Does maternal BMI influence treatment effect in women with mild gestational diabetes?”. American Journal of Perinatology1 (2015): 93.
14. Demetriou Christiana A., et al. "Biological embedding of early‐life exposures and disease risk in humans: a role for DNA methylation”. European Journal of Clinical Investigation3 (2015): 303-332.
15. Grimes Sarah B and Robert Wild. "Effect of pregnancy on lipid metabolism and lipoprotein levels”. Endotext com, Inc., (2018).
16. Haschke Ferdinand., et al. "Early-life nutrition, growth trajectories, and long-term outcome”. Human Milk: Composition, Clinical Benefits and Future Opportunities 90 (2019): 107-120.
17. Hawkins Summer Sherburne., et al. "Early in the life course: Time for obesity prevention”. Handbook of Life Course Health Development Springer, Cham (2018): 169-196.
18. Lillycrop Karen., et al. "ANRIL promoter DNA methylation: a perinatal marker for later adiposity”. EBioMedicine19 (2017): 60-72.
19. Litwin L., et al. "Transgenerational effects of maternal obesity and gestational diabetes on offspring body composition and left ventricle mass: the Finnish Gestational Diabetes Prevention Study (RADIEL) 6‐year follow‐up”. Diabetic Medicine1 (2020): 147-156.
20. Larnkjær Anni., et al. "The influence of maternal obesity and breastfeeding on infant appetite-and growth-related hormone concentrations: the SKOT cohort studies”. Hormone Research in Paediatrics1 (2018): 28-38.
21. Mustila Taina., et al. "A pragmatic controlled trial to prevent childhood obesity within a risk group at maternity and child health-care clinics: results up to six years of age (the VACOPP study)”. BMC Pediatrics1 (2018): 89.
22. Rosenbaum Michael. "Special Considerations Relevant to Pediatric Obesity”. Endotext (2018).
23. Uebel Kirsten., et al. "Effect of maternal obesity with and without gestational diabetes on offspring subcutaneous and preperitoneal adipose tissue development from birth up to year-1”. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth1 (2014): 138.
24. O'Neill Rachel J., et al. "Maternal methyl supplemented diets and effects on offspring health”. Frontiers in Genetics5 (2014): 289.
25. Reynolds Rebecca M., et al. "Maternal obesity during pregnancy and premature mortality from cardiovascular event in adult offspring: follow-up of 1 323 275 person years”. BMJ347 (2013): f4539.
26. Dolinoy Dana C., et al. "Epigenetic gene regulation: linking early developmental environment to adult disease”. Reproductive Toxicology3 (2007): 297-307.
27. Heijmans Bastiaan T., et al. "Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences44 (2008): 17046-17049.
28. DeAnn Cook Jennifer., et al. "Identification of a sensitive period for developmental programming that increases risk for uterine leiomyoma in Eker rats”. Reproductive Sciences2 (2007): 121-136.
29. Tang Wan-yee., et al. "Neonatal Exposure to Estradiol/Bisphenol A Alters Promoter Methylation and Expression of Nsbp1 and Hpcal1 Genes and Transcriptional Programs of Dnmt3a/b and Mbd2/4 in the RatProstate Gland Throughout Life”. Endocrinology1 (2012): 42-55.
30. Radford Elizabeth J., et al. "In utero undernourishment perturbs the adult sperm methylome and intergenerational metabolism”. Science6198 (2014).
31. Janssen Bram G., et al. "Placental DNA hypomethylation in association with particulate air pollution in early life”. Particle and Fibre Toxicology1 (2013): 22.
32. Murphy Mary M., et al. "Global assessment of select phytonutrient intakes by level of fruit and vegetable consumption”. British Journal of Nutrition6 (2014): 1004-1018.
33. Jiménez-Chillarón Josep C., et al. "The role of nutrition on epigenetic modifications and their implications on health”. Biochimie11 (2012): 2242-2263.

Citation

Citation: Marcelo Picinin Bernuci., et al. “Epigenetic and Metabolic Alterations that Interfere in Human Development and Predispose the Manifestation of Obesity and Other Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review".Acta Scientific Nutritional Health 5.2 (2021): 107-119.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Marcelo Picinin Bernuci., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.