Behablom Meharenet¹*, Solomon Girma², Mintesnot Tsegaye¹ and Mersha Alene³

¹Animal Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
²Oromia Regional Health Office, Delo Mena District Health Office, Ethiopia
³MULU KP Activity Project, Population Services International, Ethiopia

*Corresponding Author: Behablom Meharenet, Animal Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Received: March 11, 2025; Published: March 31, 2025

Abstract

The disease schistosomiasis is commonly caused by two major species, namely, S haematobium and S mansoni in Ethiopia. The primary objective of the study was to determine the burden of the disease and associated risk factors of intestinal schistosomiasis in and around Delo-Mena district from March to June,2022. The study included an age group of students ranging from 5-14 years with a mean participant age of 9.25 years old. A school-based quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted among two selected primary/elementary schools after completing the interview through a prepared questioner. Parallelly based on the interview, collected stool samples from each individual were processed at the field and facility using single Kato-Katz and Ritchie’s concentration techniques for the presence and absence of S mansoni eggs as well as infection burden or intensity. A total of n = 250 school children were included during the study with a composition of 37.6% female and 62.4% male. The overall prevalence of S mansoni infection was 39.2%, n = 98 (moderate). Among compared determinant risk factors and sociodemographic characteristics, sex, residence, sources of water, and swimming habit had shown a strong statistical association, AOR = 3.11 (1.75,5.51), 0.26 (0.15,0.45), 0.37 (0.21,0.63) and 16.92 (8.11,35.29), respectively p < 0.000. The intensity of S mansoni infection was found to be heavier in male students n = 28 (11.2%) when compared to females, p < 0.000. Similarly, students engaged in swimming were more exposed to heavier infection than non-swimmers, n = 31 (13.6%) and n = 3 (1.2%), respectively, with AOR = 16.92(8.11,35.29), p < 0.000. Despite students who had a swimming habit, frequent swimming was also strongly related with heavier S mansoni infection with n = 28(11.2%) and n = 3(1.2%), respectively, when students swim always and sometimes. The study concluded with the recommendation of an integrated control strategies due to the resulted burden of infection which was lined to moderate level.

 Keywords: Intestinal Schistosomiasis Prevalence; Infection Intensity; Delo-Mena District

References

1. Gower CM., et al. “Phenotypic and genotypic monitoring of Schistosoma mansoni in Tanzanian schoolchildren five years into a preventative chemotherapy national control programme”. Parasites and Vectors 10 (2017): 1-12.
2. Negussu N., et al. “Ethiopia schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthes control programme: progress and prospects”. Ethiopian Medical Journal1 (2017): 75.
3. Gebreyesus TD., et al. “Prevalence, intensity, and correlates of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminth infections after five rounds of preventive chemotherapy among school children in Southern Ethiopia”. Pathogens11 (2020): 920.
4. Jember TH. “Challenges of schistosomiasis prevention and control in Ethiopia: Literature review and current status”. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology6 (2014): 80-86.
5. Misganaw A., et al. “Epidemiology of major non-communicable diseases in Ethiopia: a systematic review”. Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition1 (2014): 1.
6. Hailegebriel T., et al. “Prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors of Schistosoma mansoni infections among schoolchildren around Lake Tana, northwestern Ethiopia”. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases10 (2021): e0009861.
7. Worku L., et al. “Schistosoma mansoni infection and associated determinant factors among school children in Sanja Town, Northwest Ethiopia”. Journal of Parasitology Research (2014).
8. Aemero M., et al. “Status of Schistosoma mansoni prevalence and intensity of infection in geographically apart endemic localities of Ethiopia: a comparison”. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences3 (2014): 189-194.
9. Hailegebriel T., et al. “Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and Associated Risk Factors in Human and Biomphalaria Snails in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis”. Acta Parasitologica (2021): 1-18.
10. Eyayu T., et al. “Prevalence, intensity of infection and associated risk factors of soil-transmitted helminth infections among school children at Tachgayint woreda, Northcentral Ethiopia”. PloS One4 (2022): e0266333.
11. Hussen S., et al. “Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines 7 (2021): 1-12.
12. Nelwan ML. “Schistosomiasis: life cycle, diagnosis, and control”. Current Therapeutic Research 91 (2019): 5-9.
13. Toor J., et al. “Are we on our way to achieving the 2020 goals for schistosomiasis morbidity control using current World Health Organization guidelines?” Clinical Infectious Diseases4 (2018): S245-S52.
14. Organization WH. “Prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: World Health Organization/Unicef joint statement”. World Health Organization (2004).
15. Ferrari TCA and Moreira PRR. “Neuroschistosomiasis: clinical symptoms and pathogenesis”. The Lancet Neurology 9 (2011): 853-864.
16. Barsoum RS., et al. “Human schistosomiasis: clinical perspective”. Journal of Advanced Research5 (2013): 433-444.
17. King CH. “Parasites and poverty: the case of schistosomiasis”. Acta Tropica2 (2010): 95-104.
18. Birrie H., et al. “Schistosomiasis and its distribution in Ethiopia and Eritrea”. Schistosomiasis in Ethiopia and Eritrea 2 (1998): 29-86.
19. Tulu B., et al. “Prevalence and its associated risk factors of intestinal parasitic infections among Yadot primary school children of South Eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study”. BMC Research Notes1 (2014): 1-7.
20. Organization WH. “Basic laboratory methods in medical parasitology”. World Health Organization (1991).
21. Lim MD., et al. “Diagnostic tools for soil-transmitted helminths control and elimination programs: A pathway for diagnostic product development”. Public Library of Science San Francisco, CA USA (2018).
22. Anécimo RS., et al. “Adaptation of Ritchie's method for parasites diagnosing with minimization of chemical products”. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2012 (2012).
23. Dyussenbayev A. “Age periods of human life”. Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal6 (2017).
24. Bajiro M., et al. “Prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection and the therapeutic efficacy of praziquantel among school children in Manna District, Jimma Zone, southwest Ethiopia”. Parasites and Vectors 1 (2016): 1-6.
25. Mathewos B., et al. “Current status of soil transmitted helminths and Schistosoma mansoni infection among children in two primary schools in North Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross sectional study”. BMC Research Notes1 (2014): 1-7.
26. Tefera A., et al. “Epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni infection and associated risk factors among school children attending primary schools nearby rivers in Jimma town, an urban setting, Southwest Ethiopia”. PloS One2 (2020): e0228007.
27. Hailegebriel T., et al. “Prevalence of Soil-transmitted helminth infection among school-aged children of Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis”. Infectious Diseases: Research and Treatment 13 (2020): 1178633720962812.
28. Mekonnen Z., et al. “Schistosoma mansoni infection and undernutrition among school age children in Fincha’a sugar estate, rural part of West Ethiopia”. BMC Research Notes1 (2014): 1-8.
29. Jejaw A., et al. “High prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and other intestinal parasites among elementary school children in Southwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study”. BMC Public Health1 (2015): 1-7.
30. Organization WH. “Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis. Coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions: a manual for health professionals and programme managers”. World Health Organization (2006).
31. Tulu B., et al. “Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Nutritional Status among Primary School Children in Delo-mena District, South Eastern Ethiopia”. Iranian Journal of Parasitology4 (2016).
32. Assefa A., et al. “Infection prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and associated risk factors among schoolchildren in suburbs of Mekelle city, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia”. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science 1 (2013): 174-188.
33. Mazigo HD., et al. “Prevalence, infection intensity and geographical distribution of schistosomiasis among pre-school and school aged children in villages surrounding Lake Nyasa, Tanzania”. Scientific Reports 1 (2011): 1-11.
34. Zeleke AJ., et al. “Prevalence, intensity, and associated factors of Schistosoma mansoni among school children in Northwest Ethiopia”. Journal of Parasitology Research 2020 (2020).
35. Kahisay M., et al. “Prevalence and intensity of Schistosoma mansoni infection and its associated risk factors among patients with and without HIV at Chuahit Health Center, Dembia District, Northwest Ethiopia”. Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine 12 (2021): 25.

Citation

Citation: Behablom Meharenet., et al. “Cassava Pellets as a Partial Replacement for Maize in Lactating Goats’ Rations". Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 7.4 (2025): 26-35.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2025 Behablom Meharenet., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.