Anilkumar Banothu*

Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad

*Corresponding Author: Anilkumar Banothu, Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad.

Received: March 29, 2022; Published: April 29, 2022

Abstract

Antimicrobial agents have been used in human beings, livestock and aquatic animals for life saving against the various disease caused by the infectious organisms like bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungus and cancerous cells since Second World War. Over a period of time, many antimicrobial agents have been invented by scientists and at the same time organism also started to develop resistance to the existed antimicrobial agents which happened due to mainly misuse or inappropriate usage of antimicrobial agents. Nontherapeutic usage of antibiotics also leads to the development of superbugs that are resistant to many of the existing antibiotics. Further, mutation of gene within the bacteria and passing the resistant (R) gene through horizontal gene transfer could viable method for the contribution of development of resisntance. In this monograph discussed the genetical and biochemical mechanism of development of resistance by the bacteria and also delineate alternative strategies likes use of phytochemicals, probiotics, biofilm breakers, vaccine, antimicrobial peptide, nano particles, monoclonal antibodies, quarum quencher, anti peristance, lantibiotics, etc., are the possibilities to counter antimicrobial resistance.

Keywords: Monograph; Antimicrobial Resistancel; Alternatives Strategies; AMR

References

1. Levy SB. “The antibiotic paradox: how miracle drugs are destroying the miracle”. Springer (2013).
2. Etebu E and IJIJAMBR Arikekpar. “Antibiotics: Classification and mechanisms of action with emphasis on molecular perspectives” 4 (2016): 90-101.
3. “The new microbiology: From microbiomes to CRISPR”. John Wiley and Sons (2020).
4. Murugaiyan J., et al. “Progress in Alternative Strategies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance: Focus on Antibiotics”. Antibiotics (Basel)2 (2022): 200.
5. Clewell DB. “Bacterial conjugation”. Springer Science and Business Media” (2013).
6. Yu L. “Structural and functional characterization of multidrug resistance transporter and regulator”. University of Kentucky. Bull Cancer (2013).
7. Kashef N and MRJDRU Hamblin. “Can microbial cells develop resistance to oxidative stress in antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation?” Drug Resistance Updates 31 (2017): 31-42.
8. Serio AW., et al. “Aminoglycoside revival: review of a historically important class of antimicrobials undergoing rejuvenation”. EcoSal Plus1 (2018).
9. Fernández-Villa D., et al. “Folic acid antagonists: antimicrobial and immunomodulating mechanisms and applications”. International Journal of Molecular Sciences20 (2019): 4996.
10. Sharma C., et al. “Antimicrobial resistance: its surveillance, impact, and alternative management strategies in dairy animals”. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 4 (2018): 237.
11. Liu YY., et al. “Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study”. The Lancet Infectious Diseases2 (2016): 161-168.
12. McGann P., et al. “Escherichia coli harboring mcr-1 and bla CTX-M on a novel IncF plasmid: first report of mcr-1 in the United States”. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy7 (2016): 4420-4421.
13. Robinson TP., et al. “Antibiotic resistance is the quintessential One Health issue”. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 7 (2016): 377-380.
14. Laure NN and JJP Ahn. “Antibiofilm Activity of β-Lactam/β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combination against Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Typhimurium”. Pathogens3 (2022): 349.
15. Allawadhi P., et al. “Decorin as a possible strategy for the amelioration of COVID-19”. Medical Hypotheses 152 (2021): 110612.
16. Priyanka G., et al. “Adaptogenic and immunomodulatory activity of Ashwagandha root extract: an experimental study in an Equine model”. Frontiers in Veterinary Science (2020): 700.
17. Allawadhi P., et al. “Potential of electric stimulation for the management of COVID-19”. Elsevier Public Health Emergency Collection 144 (2020): 110259.
18. Mounika B., et al. “Effect of probiotic formulation containing Bacillus spp. on diarrhoea in dogs”. TPI International Journal (2019).
19. Singh V., et al. “Emerging Role of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors in Chronic Liver Diseases”. Frontiers in Pharmacology 12 (2021): 790963-790963.
20. Mwaka HS., et al. “First Evidence of Feeding-Induced RNAi in Banana Weevil via Exogenous Application of dsRNA”. Insects1 (2021): 40.
21. Khurana I., et al. “Can bilirubin nanomedicine become a hope for the management of COVID-19?” Medical Hypotheses 149 (2021): 110534.
22. Ghosh S., et al. “Phytocompound Mediated Blockage of Quorum Sensing Cascade in ESKAPE Pathogens”. Antibiotics (Basel)1 (2022): 61.
23. Raj GM., et al. “Monoclonal antibodies against infectious microbes: so long and too little!” Infectious Disorders Drug Targets1 (2021): 4-27.
24. Reza A., et al. “Effectiveness of efflux pump inhibitors as biofilm disruptors and resistance breakers in gram-negative (ESKAPEE) bacteria”. Antibiotics (Basel)4 (2019): 229.
25. Khurana A., et al. “Role of nanotechnology behind the success of mRNA vaccines for COVID-19”. Nanotoday 38 (2021): 101142.
26. Allawadhi P., et al. “Silver nanoparticle based multifunctional approach for combating COVID-19”. Sensors International 2 (2021): 100101.
27. Allawadhi P., et al. “Biomedical applications of polysaccharide nanoparticles for chronic inflammatory disorders: Focus on rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes and organ fibrosis”. Carbohydrate Polymers (2021): 118923.
28. Micoli F., et al. “The role of vaccines in combatting antimicrobial resistance”. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 5 (2021): 287-302.
29. Sayed N., et al. “Gene therapy: Comprehensive overview and therapeutic applications”. Life Sciences (2022): 120375.

Citation

Citation: Anilkumar Banothu. “A Monograph on Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) and Alternatives Strategies to Counter AMR".Acta Scientific Veterinary Sciences 4.5 (2022): 95-101.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2022 Anilkumar Banothu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.