Apoorva Dubey and Ravi Kant Upadhyay*

Department of Zoology, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India.

*Corresponding Author: Ravi Kant Upadhyay, Department of Zoology Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India.

Received: April 21, 2026 Published: May 06, 2026

Abstract

Present article discusses the causes of breast cancer, its diagnosis and control. Breast cancer is a leading cause of deaths in young women round the globe. This paper discusses modern treatment methods i.e. hormonal therapy, radiation, chemotherapy, surgery, and, more recently, immunotherapy is available forms of treatment. Individualised therapy choices are influenced by variables like histology, stage, tumour markers, and genetic disorders. It also highlighted key risk factors include lifestyle changes, delayed marriage, early menstruation, high energy diets, environmental influences, hormonal factors, and BRCA gene mutations. Most breast cancers arise from luminal epithelial cells of terminal ductal–lobular units and evolve through accumulating somatic alterations under endocrine and micro environmental selection. This article describes diagnostics, prevention and control of breast cancer. It also sketches out use of molecular and genetic markers of breast cancer. It also emphasizes the need of delivery of targeted medicine by using nanoparticles. It also advocates use of antibody-drug conjugation system. There is a need for the development of less toxic and stable drugs or biomolecules compared to traditional chemotherapeutic drug.

Keywords: Breast Cancer; Epidemiology; Markers; Tumor Microenvironment; Drugs; Delivery Methods; Immunotherapy

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Citation

Citation: Apoorva Dubey and Ravi Kant Upadhyay. “Breast Cancer: Causes, Molecular Pathogenesis, Tumor Microenvironment Diagnosis, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches". Acta Scientific Cancer Biology 10.3 (2026): 03-14.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2026 Apoorva Dubey and Ravi Kant Upadhyay. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.