Adriana Raquel Araújo Pereira Soares, Raissa de Oliveira Ramos and Mathias Weller*

Post Graduate Program in Public Health, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande-Paraíba, Brazil

*Corresponding Author: Mathias Weller, Post Graduate Program in Public Health, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campina Grande-Paraíba, Brazil.

Received: May 03, 2021; Published: May 14, 2021

Abstract

Introduction: There exist only few Brazilian studies about women’s adherence on the clinical breast examination (CBE).

Objectives: This study of women in northeast Brazil addressed socio-economic variables besides physical activity and ancestry and their impact on performance of CBE.

Methods: Data were obtained by interviewing 307 women aged ≥ 40 years old. All interviews were performed in a public health center of Campina Grande, state of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to determine odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CI) of variables.

Results: Of the 307 women 140 performed CBE never or irregular, whereas 137 and 30 performed it each year, respectively each second year. Women who used exclusively public health service centers had a 2.0- fold (OR = 0.495; 95%CI: 0.28 - 0.74) decreased chance of annual CBE performance, compared to those ones who used public and private services (p = 0.006). In a model of logistic regression analysis, low- income women had a 3.1-fold (OR = 0.321; 95%CI: 0.11 - 0.92) decreased chance to undergo CBE every year (p = 0.009). Unemployed women had a 2.8- fold (OR = 0.360; 95%CI: 0.15 - 0.88) decreased chance of bi- annual CBE performance. Women who informed European ancestry had a 2.8 (95%CI: 1.45 - 5.26) increased chance to perform CBE each year, compared to those ones who informed African or mixed ancestry (p = 0.005). Regular physical activity increased chance of annual CBE performance 1.9 (95%CI: 1.10 - 3.29) times (p = 0.013).

Conclusion: Low income and unemployment decreased chance of regular CBE performance. Compared to African and mixed ancestry, informed European ancestry increased chance of regular CBE performance. Physical activity was also positively associated with regular CBE performance. Present data indicated that even among women sampled in the same public health service center regular CBE performance depended strongly on the socio- economic and ethnic background of women.

Keywords: Breast Cancer; Clinical Breast Examination; Prevention Behaviour

References

1. World Health Organization. “WHO report on cancer: setting priorities, investing wisely and providing care for all” (‎2020)‎.
2. Fitzmaurice C., et al. “Global, Regional, and National Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life-years for 32 Cancer Groups, 1990 to 2015. A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study”. JAMA Oncology4 (2017): 524-548.
3. Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA). “Estimativa 2020: Incidência de câncer no Brasil” (2020).
4. Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA). “Estimativa 2005: Incidência de câncer no Brasil” (2005).
5. Ohta K., et al. “Is clinical breast examination effective in Japan? Consideration from the age-specific performance of breast cancer screening combining mammography with clinical breast examination”. Breast Cancer2 (2016): 183-189.
6. Provencher L., et al. “Is clinical breast examination important for breast cancer detection?” Current Oncology4 (2016): e332-e339.
7. Basu P., et al. “A pragmatic approach to tackle the rising burden of breast cancer through prevention and early detection in countries ‘in transition’”. Indian Journal of Medical Research 152 (2020): 343-355.
8. Pisani P., et al. “Outcome of screening by clinical examination of the breast in a trial in the Philippines”. International Journal of Cancer1 (2006): 149-154.
9. Dinshaw K., et al. “Determinants of Compliance in a Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial on Screening of Breast and Cervix Cancer in Mumbai, India”. Oncology3-4 (2007): 145-153.
10. Oluwatosin OA. “Assessment of women’s risk factors for breast cancer and predictors of the practice of breast examination in two rural areas near Ibadan, Nigeria”. Cancer Epidemiology4 (2010): 425-428.
11. Parsa P and Kandiah M. “Predictors of Adherence to Clinical Breast Examination and Mammography Screening among Malaysian Women”. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 3 (2010): 681-688.
12. Sankaranarayanan K., et al. “Clinical Breast Examination: Preliminary Results from a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial in India”. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 19 (2011): 1476-1480.
13. Frie KG., et al. “Determinants of Participation in a Breast Cancer Screening Trial in Trivandrum District, India”. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 12 (2013): 7301-7307.
14. Tilaki KH and Auladi S. “Awareness, Attitude, and Practice of Breast Cancer Screening Women, and the Associated Socio-Demographic Characteristics, in Northern Iran”. Iranian Journal of Cancer Prevention 4 (2015): e3429.
15. Ghahramanian A., et al. “Relationships of Fear of Breast Cancer and Fatalism with Screening Behavior in Women Referred to Health Centers of Tabriz in Iran”. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 9 (2016): 4427-4432.
16. Lee HY., et al. “Breast Cancer Screening Disparity among Korean American Immigrant Women in Midwest”. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 10 (2017): 2663-2667.
17. Dias-da-Costa JS., et al. “Inequalities in clinical breast examination in São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil”. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 7 (2007): 1603-1612.
18. Amorim VMSL., et al. “Factors associated with lack of mammograms and clinical breast examination by women: a population- based in Campinas, São Paulo State, Brazil”. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 11 (2008): 2623-2632.
19. Borges ZS., et al. “Clinical breast examination and mammography: Inequalities in Southern and Northeast Brazilian regions”. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 1 (2016): 1-13.
20. Alves SAV., et al. “Impact of Education and Health Treatment Options on Performance of Clinical Breast Examination”. Acta Scientific Women's Health6 (2019): 02-09.
21. Freitas AGQ and Weller M. “Knowledge about Risk Factors for Breast Cancer and Having a Close Relative with Cancer Affect the Frequency of Breast Self-Examination Performance”. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 4 (2016): 2075-2081.
22. Runowicz CD., et al. “American cancer Society/American Society of clinical oncology breast cancer survivorship care guideline”. Journal of Clinical Oncology6 (2016): 611-635.
23. Barbosa YC., et al. “Factors associated with lack of mammography: National Health Survey, 2013”. Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia 22 (2019): E190069.
24. Filha MMT., et al. “Regional and social inequalities in the performance of Pap test and screening mammography and their correlation with lifestyle: Brazilian national health survey”. International Journal for Equity in Health 15 (2016): 136.
25. Kriaucioniene V and Petkeviciene J. “Predictors and Trend in Attendance for Breast Cancer Screening in Lithuania, 2006-2014”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16 (2019): 4535.
26. Progovac AM., et al. “Optimism may moderate screening mammogram frequency in Medicare”. Medicine 24 (2019): e15869.

Citation

Citation: Mathias Weller., Aet al. “Socio-economic Predictors of Annual and Bi-annual Clinical Breast Examination among Women in Northeast Brazil”. Acta Scientific Women's Health 3.6 (2021): 56-65.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Mathias Weller., Aet al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.