Abstract

  Hantaviruses are rodent viruses that have been realize as etiologic dealers of two illnesses of humans: HFRS (hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). This article gives a concise overview of hantavirus biology, the scientific aspects of HFRS and HPS, and checks for the detection of hantavirus infections in humans. Together, these viruses have yearly precipitated about 200,000 human infections global in current years, with a case fatality fee of 5 - 15% for HFRS and up to 40% for hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). The high fee of mortality ought to be decreased if advantageous therapeutics ought to be observed for cure of this illness. There is presently no wonderful remedy reachable for both HFRS or HCPS. In this paper, we summarized the Virology, Epidemiology of HFRS and HCPS, Diagnosis, and Treatment of hantaviruses disease.

Keywords: Hantavirus; Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS); Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS); Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS); Virology; Epidemiology; Diagnosis; Treatment

References

1. Tian H and Stenseth NC. “The ecological dynamics of hantavirus diseases: From environmental variability to disease prevention largely based on data from China”. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases2 (2019): e0006901.
2. Jonsson CB., et al. “A global perspective on hantavirus ecology, epidemiology, and disease”. Clinical Microbiology Reviews2 (2010): 412-441.
3. Brocato RL and Hooper JW. “Progress on the prevention and treatment of hantavirus disease”. Viruses 7 (2019): 610.
4. Dong Y., et al. “Incorporation of CD40 ligand or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor into Hantaan virus (HTNV) virus-like particles significantly enhances the long-term immunity potency against HTNV infection”. Journal of Medical Microbiology3 (2019): 480-492.
5. Hooper JW., et al. “A Phase 1 clinical trial of H antaan virus and P uumala virus M‐segment DNA vaccines for haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome delivered by intramuscular electroporation”. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 20 (2014): 110-117.
6. Kruger DH., et al. “Hantaviruses—globally emerging pathogens”. Journal of Clinical Virology 64 (2015): 128-136.
7. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
8. Roda Gracia J., et al. “Climate variability and the occurrence of human puumala hantavirus infections in Europe: a systematic review”. Zoonoses and Public Health6 (2015): 465-478.
9. Klempa B. “Hantaviruses and climate change”. Clinical Microbiology and Infection6 (2009): 518-523.
10. Jonsson CB., et al. “Treatment of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome”. Antiviral Research 1 (2008): 162-169.
11. Londono AF., et al. “Genetic evidence of hantavirus infections in wild rodents from northwestern Colombia”. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases6 (2011): 701-708.
12. Schmaljohn C and Hjelle B. “Hantaviruses: a global disease problem”. Emerging Infectious Diseases2 (1997): 95.
13. Razzauti M., et al. “Accumulation of point mutations and reassortment of genomic RNA segments are involved in the microevolution of Puumala hantavirus in a bank vole (Myodes glareolus) population”. Journal of General Virology7 (2008): 1649-1660.
14. Sironen T., et al. “Molecular evolution of Puumala hantavirus". Journal of Virology23 (2001): 11803-11810.
15. Plyusnin A., et al. “Genetic variation in Tula hantaviruses: sequence analysis of the S and M segments of strains from Central Europe”. Virus Research 39 (1995): 237-250.
16. Espinoza R., et al. “Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in a Chilean patient with recent travel in Bolivia”. Emerging Infectious Diseases1 (1998): 93.
17. French GR., et al. “Korean hemorrhagic fever: propagation of the etiologic agent in a cell line of human origin”. Science4486 (1981): 1046-1048.
18. Vaheri A., et al. “Hantavirus infections in Europe and their impact on public health”. Reviews in Medical Virology1 (2013): 35-49.
19. Zheng Y., et al. “Persistence of immune responses to vaccine against haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in healthy adults aged 16–60 years: results from an open-label2-year follow-up study”. Infectious Diseases1 (2018): 21-26.
20. Zhang S., et al. “Epidemic characteristics of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in China, 2006–2012”. BMC Infectious Diseases1 (2014): 384.
21. Galeno H., et al. “First human isolate of Hantavirus (Andes virus) in the Americas”. Emerging Infectious Diseases7 (2002): 657.
22. Padula PJ., et al. “Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome outbreak in Argentina: molecular evidence for person-to-person transmission of Andes virus”. Virology2 (1998): 323-330.
23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Reported cases of HPS (2012).
24. Zaki SR., et al. “Retrospective diagnosis of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 1978-1993: implications for emerging infectious diseases”. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine2 (1996): 134-139.
25. Chang B., et al. “Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome”. In Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. Copyright© 2007 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA 28.2 (2007): 193-200.
26. Bi Z., et al. “Hantavirus infection: a review and global update”. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 2 (2008): 003-023.
27. Figueiredo LTM., et al. “Hantaviruses and cardiopulmonary syndrome in South America”. Virus Research 187 (2014): 43-54.
28. Muranyi W., et al. “Hantavirus infection”. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology12 (2005): 3669-3679.
29. Fulhorst CH., et al. “Hantavirus in tropical infectious diseases”. Infec Chapter 71 (2011): 470-480.
30. Engler O., et al. “Seroprevalence of hantavirus infections in Switzerland in 2009: difficulties in determining prevalence in a country with low endemicity”. Eurosurveillance50 (2013): 20660.
31. Bayard V., et al. “Outbreak of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Los Santos, Panama, 1999–2000”. Emerging Infectious Diseases9 (2004): 1635.
32. Maes P., et al. “Detection of Puumala hantavirus antibody with ELISA using a recombinant truncated nucleocapsid protein expressed in Escherichia coli”. Viral immunology2 (2004): 315-321.
33. Kruger DH., et al. “Hantaviruses—globally emerging pathogens”. Journal of Clinical Virology 64 (2015): 128-136.
34. Figueiredo LT., et al. “Diagnosis of hantavirus relies on demonstration of immune response, which becomes evident within 2 to 8 days of acute onset”. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 41 (2008): 596-599.
35. Armien B., et al. “Hantavirus fever without pulmonary syndrome in Panama”. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene3 (2013): 489-494.
36. Hedman K., et al. “Rapid diagnosis of hantavirus disease with an IgG-avidity assay”. The Lancet8779 (1991): 1353-1356.
37. Kaya S., et al. “The “MICE” scoring system in differentiating the identical twins leptospirosis and hantavirus infection”. Infection1 (2020): 99-107.
38. Dalugama C., et al. “Atypical case of hantavirus infection in Sri Lanka mimicking leptospirosis: a case report”. Journal of Medical Case Reports1 (2020): 1-5.
39. Hartline J., et al. “Hantavirus infection in North America: a clinical review”. The American Journal of Emergency Medicine6 (2013): 978-982.
40. Koster F., et al. “Rapid presumptive diagnosis of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome by peripheral blood smear review”. American Journal of Clinical Pathology5 (2001): 665-672.
41. Huggins JW., et al. “Prospective, double-blind, concurrent, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous ribavirin therapy of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome”. Journal of Infectious Diseases6 (1991): 1119-1127.
42. Malinin OV and Platonov AE. “Insufficient efficacy and safety of intravenous ribavirin in treatment of haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by Puumala virus”. Infectious Diseases7 (2017): 514-520.
43. Chapman LE., et al. “Intravenous ribavirin for hantavirus pulmonary syndrome: safety and tolerance during 1 year of open-label experience”. Antiviral Therapy4 (1999): 211-222.
44. Ogg M., et al. “Ribavirin protects Syrian hamsters against lethal hantavirus pulmonary syndrome—after intranasal exposure to Andes virus”. Viruses11 (2013): 2704-2720.
45. Safronetz D., et al. “In vitro and in vivo activity of ribavirin against Andes virus infection”. PLoS One8 (2011): e23560.
46. Valdivieso F., et al. “Neutralizing antibodies in survivors of Sin Nombre and Andes hantavirus infection”. Emerging Infectious Diseases1 (2006): 166.
47. Hooper JW., et al. “DNA vaccination with hantavirus M segment elicits neutralizing antibodies and protects against Seoul virus infection”. Virology2 (1999): 269-278.
48. Vial PA., et al. “A non-randomized multicentre trial of human immune plasma for treatment of hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome by ANDV”. Antivirus Therapy 20 (2014): 377-386.
49. Rusnak JM., et al. “Experience with intravenous ribavirin in the treatment of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Korea”. Antiviral Research1 (2009): 68-76.
50. Severson WE., et al. “Ribavirin causes error catastrophe during Hantaan virus replication”. Journal of Virology1 (2003): 481-488.
51. Huggins JW., et al. “Prospective, double-blind, concurrent, placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous ribavirin therapy of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.”. Journal of Infectious Diseases6 (1991): 1119-1127.
52. Fress M., et al. “Inhibition of bunyaviruses, phleboviruses, and hantaviruses by human MxA protein”. Journal of Virology2 (1996): 915-923.
53. Smee DF., et al. “Antiviral activities of tragacanthin polysaccharides on Punta Toro virus infections in mice”. Chemotherapy4 (1996): 286-293.

Citation

Citation: Soumitra Sahana., et al. “Diagnosis, Virology and Treatment for Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS): A Challenging Sickness to Human Health". Acta Scientific Microbiology 4.1 (2021): 52-59.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Soumitra Sahana., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.