Abstract

The Mango (Mangifera indica) crop is commercially grown in almost all nine Taluka of Ratnagiri district. This study aims to collect baseline data regarding pesticide residue. Mango leaf samples and soil samples of mango orchard collected across Ratnagiri district to understand either the study area is under impact of pesticide pollution or not. The soil and plant materials (mango leaf) were collected from 20 different randomly selected Mango orchards. These samples were analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (GC-HRMS) qualitative analysis for determination of pesticide residue in the mango field at the Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra, India. The extraction of soil samples is carried out by Solid-liquid partition method followed by concentration using Kuderna-Danish concentrator apparatus. Extraction of plant material carried out by Soxhlet method. Electron impact ionization (EI with 70 eV ionization energy) mode is used during analysis. Present study reveals appearance of some pesticide residues in the field. Total 6 chemical pesticides residues viz. Carbendazim [Methyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate], Cypermethrin [(Cyano - (3 - Phenoxyphenyl) methyl – 2) 3 - (2 – 2 - dichloroethyneyl) – 2, 2 dimethylcyclopropane – 1 – carboxylate], Hexaconezole (2 - (2, 4 - Dichlorophenyl) – 1 - (1H - 1, 2, 4 – triazol – 1 - yl) Hexan - 2 - ol), Imidacloprid (N - (1 - [(6 – chloro – 3 - pyridyl) methyl)] - 4, 5 - dihydroimidazol – 2 - yl) nitramide), Monocrotophos [Dimethyl (E) 1 – methyl - 2 - (methyl carbamoyl)and phorate [0, 0 – Diethyl – S - [(ethylsulphanyl) methyl] phosphorodithioate] were found from 5 different groups such as Organophosphate, Pyrethroid, Neonicotinoids, Triazole and Benzimidazole. This study is significantly showing that the study area (Ratnagiri district) is under impact of pesticide pollution. There is well felt need of organic farming of mango to reduce health risk.

Keywords: Mangifera indica; Soil and Plant Material; GC-HRMS; Pesticide Residue

References

1. Joel R Coats and Hiroki Yamamoto. “Environmental fate and effects of pesticides. Chapter 1- The lysimeter concept: A comprehensive approach to study the environmental behaviour of pesticides in agro ecosystem”. (2003): 1-30.
2. HB Mathur., et al. Analysis of pesticide residue in bottled water (Delhi region), Centre for science and environment (CSE) report on pesticide residues in bottled water, CSE/PML-612002 (2003).
3. Jennifer C Anhalt., et al. “Biodegradation of imidacloprid by an isolated soil microorganism”. Journal of Environmental Sciences and Health Part B 42 (2017): 509-514. 
4. Derek Muir Ed Sverko. “Analytical methods for PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in environmental monitoring and surveillance: A critical appraisal”. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 386 (2006): 769-789.
5. https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry
6. Howard Keith Crosby and Ron Honnald. Analysis of Cypermethrin in blueberries by Agilent 240 ion trap GC/MS^3, 1-18 © Agilent techs PAC © 5991-37733EW (2013).
7. Zheng Wei., et al. “Photochemistry of insecticides Imidacloprid: Direct and sensitized photolysis in aquatic medium”. Journal of Environmental Sciences 16.4 (2004): 539-542.
8. Zhubo Deng., et al. “Simulteneous analysis of Hexaconezole, Myclobutanil and Tebuconezole residues in apples and soil by SPE clean up and GC with nitrogen-phosphorus detection”. Chromatographia 71.7 (2010): 679-684.
9. SéverineSuchail., et al. “Discrepancy between acute and chronic toxicity induced by Imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apismellifera”. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20.11 (2011): 2482-2486. 
10. Filipe F Donato., et al. “Development of a multiresidue method for pesticide analysis in drinking water by solid phase extraction and determination by gas liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole tandem”. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 26.10 (2015): 2077-2087. 
11. Chanchal Verma., et al. “Heavy metal contamination of ground water is due to fly ash of coal fired thermal power plant, Parichha, Jhansi India”. Cogent Engineering (2017): 1-8.
12. Pim EG Leonards., et al. “Advanced GC MS and LC-MS tools for structure elucidation in effect-directed analysis”. W. Brack (ed.), Effect-Directed analysis of complex environmental contamination, HdbEnvChem (2011): 15.
13. Liu Zheng Hongguo and Yu Chongtian. “Determination of pesticide residues in drinking water using automated solid phase extraction and gas chromatography with nitrogen phosphorus detection”. (2014): 1-6. 
14. Quaiser Saquib., et al. “Phorate induced oxidative stress, DNA damage and transcriptional activation of P53 and Caspase genes in male wistar rats”. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology (2012).
15. RS Sreenivasan., et al. “Bioaccumulation study on the Cypermethrin toxicity in fresh water field crab, Spiralothephusahydrodroma (Herst)”. Journal of chemical and pharmaceutical Research JCPRCS 3.3 (2011): 397-402. 
16. Ayman Daraghmeh., et al. “Imidacloprid residues in fruits, vegetables and water samples from Palestine”. Environmental Geochemistry and Health (2007): 1-13.
17. Australian pesticide and veterinary medicine Authority, Australia. Human health risk assessment, Australia. Office of chemical safety and environmentally health protection (2012). 
18. Vicente Andreu and Yolanda Pico. “Determination of pesticides and their degradation products in soil: critical review and comparison of methods”. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 23.10-11 (2004): 772-789. 
19. Michael A Kamrin. “Pesticide profile: toxicity, environmental impacts and fate”. Lewis publishers, New York (1997).
20. PMEP Report. Movement of pesticides in the environment. Extension toxicology network. USDA/Extension service/National agricultural pesticide impact assessment program (1993). 

Citation

Citation: Tari VSS., et al. “Pesticide Residue in Mango Orchards and Health Risk". Acta Scientific Microbiology 3.9 (2020): 08-14.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2020 Tari VSS., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.