Characterization of Precipitation in the Subdivisions of the Mahanadi River Basin, India

Ramgopal T Sahu*, Mani Kant Verma and Ishtiyaq Ahmad

Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology - Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

*Corresponding Author: Ramgopal T Sahu, Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology - Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India.

Received: August 31, 2021; Published: November 30, 2021

Abstract

Purpose: To study the homogeneity and precipitation characterization of the subdivisions of the Mahanadi River basin, India.

Methodology/Approach: Precipitation characterization was studied using spatial pattern analysis (Eigen-based technique), approaching principal component analysis and keeping three equal timeslot segments for better understanding change. Homogeneity characterization of the subdivisions is accomplished using L-moment and probability weighted moments (PWMs) based heterogeneity measures. Divisive hierarchical cluster analysis for effective partitioning of the subdivisions.

Findings: Heterogeneity (H1) assessment; Upper subdivision U1 (42sites) with H1 - 1.74 (possibly heterogeneous), Middle subdivision M1 (76sites) with H1 - 0.80 (acceptably homogeneous), Two splits of lower subdivision (1) L1 (45sites) with H1 - 0.68 (acceptably homogeneous), (2) L2 (34sites) with H1 - 1.02 (acceptably homogeneous), All the subdivisions were heterogeneous to each other during all timeslot segments with p-value < 0.021, the lower subdivision observed  similarity during time slot 1940-1978 and 1979-2017 with p-value - 0.349. The iqr width of the middle subdivision does not change significantly but has a dropping trend suggesting a decrease in precipitation magnitude, and the measure of spread has significantly reduced with some outliers suggesting non-uniformity during segment 3. The lower subdivision with longest rainy months May-October, while November month observed a decreasing magnitude with time.

Implications: The characterized precipitation of the subdivisions identified has separate applications and uses. In areas with known precipitation variability, future precipitation forecasting can be abridged for water resource management. Scheduling different crops, agriculture planning, rain-fed and dry farming, and farming calendars are various activities for known precipitation regimes.

Importance: The findings are applicable to water resource planning and management in both a practical and scientific manner.

Keywords: Characterization; DIANA; Divisive Analysis; Eigenvalue; Precipitation; Spatial Pattern

References

1. Aher Sainath., et al. "Spatio-temporal analysis and estimation of rainfall variability in and around upper Godavari River basin, India”. Arabian Journal of Geosciences22 (2019): 1-16.
2. Ahuja Sangeeta and C T Dhanya. "Regionalization of rainfall using RCDA cluster ensemble algorithm in India”. Journal of Software Engineering and Applications8 (2012): 568-573.
3. Alila Younes. "A hierarchical approach for the regionalization of precipitation annual maxima in Canada”. Journal of Geophysical Research: AtmospheresD24 (1999): 31645-31655.
4. Azad Sarita., et al. "Periodicities in Indian monsoon rainfall over spectrally homogeneous regions”. International Journal of Climatology15 (2010): 2289-2298.
5. Azharuddin Mohammed., et al. "A Synoptic-Scale Assessment of Flood Events and ENSO—Streamflow Variability in Sheonath River Basin, India”. In: Rao CM,Patra KC, Jhajharia D, and Kumari S (eds) Advanced Modelling and Innovations in Water Resources Engineering. Springer, Singapore, 176 (2022): 93-104.
6. Bharath R and V V Srinivas. "Regionalization of extreme rainfall in India”. International Journal of Climatology6 (2015): 1142-1156.
7. Burn Donald H. "Evaluation of regional flood frequency analysis with a region of influence approach”. Water Resources Research10 (1990): 2257-2265.
8. Burn Donald H. "An appraisal of the “region of influence” approach to flood frequency analysis”. Hydrological Sciences Journal2 (1990): 149-165.
9. Cattell Raymond B. "The scree test for the number of factors”. Multivariate Behavioral Research2 (1966): 245-276.
10. Carter M M and J B Elsner. "A statistical method for forecasting rainfall over Puerto Rico”. Weather and Forecasting3 (1997): 515-525.
11. Castellarin A., et al. "Homogeneity testing: How homogeneous do heterogeneous cross-correlated regions seem?”. Journal of Hydrology1-4 (2008): 67-76.
12. Conover William Jay. Practical nonparametric statistics. Vol-350. john wiley and sons (1999).
13. Dhiwar Bhupendra K., et al. "Identification of Flood Vulnerable Area for Kharun River Basin by GIS Techniques”. In: Rao CM,Patra KC, Jhajharia D, and Kumari S (eds) Advanced Modelling and Innovations in Water Resources Engineering. Springer, Singapore, 176 (2022): 385-408.
14. Gabriele Salvatore and Nigel Arnell. "A hierarchical approach to regional flood frequency analysis”. Water Resources Research6 (1991): 1281-1289.
15. Gadgil Sulochana and R Gowri. "Coherent rainfall zones: Case study for Karnataka”. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Earth and Planetary Sciences1 (1988): 63-79.
16. Gadgil Sulochana and N V Joshi. "Coherent rainfall zones of the Indian region”. International journal of climatology5 (1993): 547-566.
17. García‐Marín A P., et al. "Regional analysis of the annual maximum daily rainfall in the province of Malaga (southern Spain) using the principal component analysis”. Water and Environment Journal4 (2011): 522-531.
18. Greenwood J Arthur., et al. "Probability weighted moments: definition and relation to parameters of several distributions expressable in inverse form”. Water Resources Research5 (1979): 1049-1054.
19. Horn John L. "A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis”. Psychometrika2 (1965): 179-185.
20. Horn R A and C R Johnson. "Matrix Analysis, Cambridge Univ”. Press. MR0832183 (1985).
21. Hosking J R M and J R Wallis. "Some statistics useful in regional frequency analysis”. Water Resources Research2 (1993): 271-281.
22. Hosking J R M and J R Wallis. "Regional Frequency Analysis: An Approach Based on L-Moments”. Cambridge University Press. New York, NY (1997).
23. Huang Ya., et al. "Spatial and temporal variability in the precipitation concentration in the upper reaches of the Hongshui River basin, southwestern China”. Advances in Meteorology2018 (2018).
24. Kaufman Leonard and Peter J Rousseeuw. “Finding groups in data: an introduction to cluster analysis”. John Wiley and Sons 344 (2009).
25. Lawley D N. "Tests of significance for the latent roots of covariance and correlation matrices”. Biometrika1/2 (1956): 128-136
26. Macnaughton-Smith P., et al. "Dissimilarity analysis: a new technique of hierarchical subdivision”. Nature4936 (1964): 1034-1035.
27. McQuitty Louis L. "Elementary linkage analysis for isolating orthogonal and oblique types and typal relevancies”. Educational and Psychological Measurement2 (1957): 207-229.
28. North Gerald R., et al. "Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions”. Monthly Weather Review7 (1982): 699-706.
29. Parthasarathy B. "Interannual and long-term variability of Indian summer monsoon rainfall”. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Earth and Planetary Sciences4 (1984): 371-385.
30. Parthasarathy B., et al. "Homogeneous Indian monsoon rainfall: variability and prediction”. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Earth and Planetary Sciences1 (1993): 121-155.
31. Parthasarathy B., et al. “Monthly and Seasonal Rainfall Series for All-India Homogeneous Regions and Meteorological Subdivision: 1871-1994”. Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune Research Report No. RR-065.
32. Pearson Karl. "LIII. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space”. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science11 (1901): 559-572.
33. Rajeevan M., et al. "Development of a high resolution daily gridded rainfall data for the Indian region”.  Monograph Climatology22 (2005): 2005.
34. Rajeevan M., et al. "High resolution daily gridded rainfall data for the Indian region: Analysis of break and active monsoon spells”. Current Science (2006): 296-306.
35. Rao A Ramachandra and V V Srinivas. "Regionalization of watersheds by hybrid-cluster analysis”. Journal of Hydrology1-4 (2006): 37-56.
36. Rao A Ramachandra and V V Srinivas. "Regionalization of watersheds by fuzzy cluster analysis”. Journal of Hydrology1-4 (2006): 57-79.
37. Raziei Tayeb. "A precipitation regionalization and regime for Iran based on multivariate analysis”. Theoretical and Applied Climatology3 (2018): 1429-1448.
38. Sahu Ramgopal T., et al. “Regional Frequency Analysis Using L-Moment Methodology—A Review”. In: Pathak KK, Bandara JMSJ and Agrawal R (eds) Recent Trends in Civil Engineering. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer, Singapore, 77 (2021): 811-832.
39. Sahu Ramgopal T., et al. “Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Application with Noise approach for regionalization and its effect on Hierarchical CA”. [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Raipur (2021).
40. Sahu Ramgopal T., et al. “Segmental variability of precipitation in the Mahanadi River basin during 1901-2017”. 24 August 2021, PREPRINT (Version 1) available at Research Square (2021).
41. Sahu Ramgopal T., et al. “Maximum loading value-based Regionalization for the Mahanadi River basin, a multivariate approach”. [Manuscript submitted for publication]. Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Raipur (2021).
42. Sahu, Ramgopal T., et al. “Some non-uniformity patterns spread over the lower Mahanadi River basin, India”. Geocarto International (2021).
43. Sahu Netrananda., et al. "Impact of Indo-Pacific Climate Variability on High Streamflow Events in Mahanadi River Basin, India”. Water7 (2020): 1952.
44. Satyanarayana P and V V Srinivas. "Regionalization of precipitation in data sparse areas using large scale atmospheric variables-a fuzzy clustering approach”. Journal of Hydrology3-4 (2011): 462-473.
45. Satyanarayana P and V V Srinivas. "Regional frequency analysis of precipitation using large‐scale atmospheric variables”. Journal of Geophysical Research: AtmospheresD24 (2008).
46. Shepard Donald. "A two-dimensional interpolation function for irregularly-spaced data”. Proceedings of the 1968 23rd ACM national conference, August 27 - 29, 1968: Association for Computing Machinery, New York, US (1968) 517-524.
47. Shukla, J. "Interannual variability of monsoons”. Monsoons, edited by Fein, Jay S., and Stephens Pamela L., John Wiley and sons, Chapter 14. (1987): 399-464.
48. Singh Gurjeet., et al. "Regional scale trend and variability of rainfall pattern over agro-climatic zones in the mid-Mahanadi River basin of eastern India”. Journal of Hydro-environment Research29 (2020): 5-19.
49. Srinivas V V. "Regionalization of precipitation in India-a review”. Journal of the Indian Institute of Science2 (2013): 153-162.
50. Verma Shashikant., et al. “Trend Analysis and Rainfall Variability of Monthly Rainfall in Sheonath River Basin, Chhattisgarh”. In: Pathak KK, Bandara JMSJ and Agrawal R (eds) Recent Trends in Civil Engineering. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer, Singapore, 77 (2021): 777-790.
51. Verma Shashikant., et al. "Trends of Rainfall and Temperature over Chhattisgarh During 1901-2010”. In: Rao CM,Patra KC, Jhajharia D, and Kumari S (eds) Advanced Modelling and Innovations in Water Resources Engineering. Springer, Singapore, 176 (2022): 3-19.
52. Waller Lance A. "Detection of clustering in spatial data”. The SAGE handbook of spatial analysis (2009): 299-320. edited by Fotheringham, A. S., and Rogerson, P. A., SAGE Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, (2009): 299-320.
53. Wotling G., et al. "Regionalization of extreme precipitation distribution using the principal components of the topographical environment”. Journal of hydrology1-4 (2000): 86-101.
54. Yin Yixing., et al. "Spatiotemporal Changes and Frequency Analysis of Multiday Extreme Precipitation in the Huai River Basin during 1960 to 2014”. Advances in Meteorology 2019 (2019).
55. Yuan Lifeng., et al. "Spatio-temporal variation analysis of precipitation during 1960-2008 in the Poyang Lake basin, China”. Open Journal of Modern Hydrology2 (2016): 115-127.

Citation

Citation: Ramgopal T Sahu., et al. “Characterization of Precipitation in the Subdivisions of the Mahanadi River Basin, India". Acta Scientific Agriculture 5.12 (2021): 50-61.

Copyright

Copyright: © 2021 Ramgopal T Sahu., et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.